Floriculture Question Bank: Objective Questions on Floriculture!
Q.1. Which ornamental plants have won the prestigious Glass Tulip award 2014 under Garden plants category?
Ans. 1. Verbena Lanai Twister Blue—Ripaplant (Twello)
2. Begonia pendula Encanto Falls Red—Persoon Potplanten (De Lier), Pligt Professionals BV (Heinenoord), F.A. J. Maat & Zn Arjo Maat uw Tuinmaat
3. Primula Zebra Blue—Kwekerij de Werve (Maasland), T.P.A.M. Enthoven (Monster), VOF P.M. ‘t Hart & zn. (Hoek van Holland), Kwekery Laguna BV (Wateringen) and Kwekerij de Noordpoel Bv (De Kwakel)
Q.2. Which has won the prestigious Glass Tulip award 2014 under Garden concepts category?
Ans. 1. Glowing Star in the dark®—Amigo Plant VOF (Heerhugowaard)
2. Living Jewel—Anco Orchidee BV (Wateringen)
3. Mono Lisi—Montana Lisianthus (Poeldijk)
Q.3. Who are top five leading dry flowers products exporting countries in the world?
Ans. Netherlands, Israel, Nigeria, India and Malaysia were the leading dried flower products exporting countries during 2012 in the world.
Q.4. Who are top five leading dry flower products importing countries in the world?
Ans. UK, France, Japan, Belgium and Netherlands were the leading dried flower products importing countries during 2012 in the world.
Q.5. Where is H.Q. of International Trade Centre situated?
Ans. Geneva, Switzerland.
Q.6. Where is H.Q. of CAB International situated?
Ans. Wallingford Oxon, UK.
Q.7. Where is H.Q. of International Cut flower Growers Association situated?
Ans. Haslett Ml, USA.
Q.8. Where is H.Q. of American Floral Endowment situated?
Ans. Edwardsville IL 62025, USA
Q.9. Where is H.Q. of American Horticultural Society situated?
Ans. Alexandria VA 22308-1300, USA.
Q.10. Where is H.Q. of Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers Inc. situated?
Ans. West College Oberlin OH 44074-0268, USA.
Q.11. Where is H.Q. of Flora Star situated?
Ans. Fort Collins CO 80527, USA.
Q.12. Where is H.Q. of Asia and Pacific Seed Association situated?
Ans. Bangkok, Thailand.
Q.23. Where is H.Q. of Taiwan Floriculture Development Association situated?
Ans. Rae-Guan Rd. Taipei, Taiwan.
Q.14. Where is H.Q. of International Protea Association situated?
Ans. 7185 Botriver, South Africa.
Q.15. Where is H.Q. of International Flower Bulb Centre situated?
Ans. Warsaw, Poland.
Q.16. Where is H.Q. of AIPH situated?
Ans. 2700 AG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands.
Q.17. Where is H.Q. of Association of Dutch Flower Auctions situated?
Ans. 2300 PH Leiden, the Netherlands.
Q.18. Where is H.Q. of International Bloembollen Centre situated?
Ans. 2180 AD Hillegom, the Netherlands.
Q.19. Where is H.Q. of Flower Council of Holland situated?
Ans. 2316 XB Leiden, the Netherlands.
Q.20. Where is H.Q. of Flower Bulb Quality Mark Foundation of Holland situated?
Ans. 2180 AA Hillegom the Netherlands.
Q.21. Where is H.Q. of International Bulb Research Centre situated?
Ans. Vennestraat 22, AD Lisse, the Netherlands.
Q.22. Where is H.Q. of Flora Holland situated?
Ans. 2670 AE Naaldwijk.
Q.23. Where is H.Q. of New Zealand Flower Exporters Association situated?
Ans. Beachlands, Auckland.
Q.24. Where is H.Q. of Japan Cut flower Importers Association situated?
Ans. Omori-minami Ot-ku, Tokyo.
Q.25. Where is H.Q. of Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya situated?
Ans. 40312, Nairobi.
Q.26. Where is H.Q. of Federation of Korean Floricultural Associations situated?
Ans. Seocho-ku, Seoul, South Korea.
Q.27. Where is H.Q. of INDEGA situated?
Ans. 53175 Bonn, Germany.
Q.28. Where is H.Q. of BGI situated?
Ans. 40477 Dosseldorf, Germany.
Q.29. Where is H.Q. of ANCEF situated?
Ans. 18038 Sanremo IM, Italy.
Q.30. Where is H.Q. of UCFLOR situated?
Ans. 18038 Sanremo IM, Italy.
Q.31. Where is H.Q. of Ascoflor situated?
Ans. Heredia, Costa Rica.
Q.32. Where is H.Q. of Ascoflores situated?
Ans. Santafe de Bogota, Colombia.
Q.33. Where is H.Q. of China Flowers Association situated?
Ans. Dongchen, Beijing, China.
Q.34. Where is H.Q. of International Society for Horticultural Sciences situated?
Ans. 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Q.45. International Registration Authority for Bougainbillea is situated in which country?
Ans. IARI, New Delhi, India.
Q.36. Where is H.Q. of Flowers Victoria situated?
Ans. Fern tree Gully Del. VIC 3156, Australia.
Q.37. What are the major Flowers auctions around the world?
Ans. i. FloraHolland, the Netherlands
ii. Landgrad, Germany
iii. Veilling Holambra, Brazil
iv. uniflores.com.br
v. MBFIores.com.br
vi. Ota Floriculture Auction Co. Ltd. Japan
vii. Taipei Flowers Auction Co. Ltd. Taiwan
viii. Ontario Flower Growers Co-operative, Canada
ix. FloraMax Flower Auctions, New Zealand
x. FloraBella, Italy
xi. Dubai Flower Centre, UAE.
Q.38. What are important International websites on floriculture?
Ans. www(dot)comtrade(dot)un(dot)org
www(dot)floracultureintl(dot)com
www(dot)flowersvic(dot)com(dot)au
www(dot)veilling(dot)com(dot)br
www(dot)ontariofiowers(dot)com
www(dot)fioramax(dot)co(dot)nz
Q.39. What are the top five genera of bulbous plants in the Dutch market?
Ans. i. Tulipa,
ii Lilium,
iii. Freesia,
iv. Alstroemeria, and
v. Iris.
Q.40. How much is the total area under bulbous flowers in world and what are important bulbous flowers?
Ans. Total area under bulbous ornamentals in the world is 50,000 ha out of which maximum acreage is under-
i. Gladiolus (9500 ha)
ii. Narcissus (7000 ha),
iii. Lilium (5000 ha),
iv. Iris (2000 ha), and
v. Tulips (1600 ha).
Q.41. What are vulnerable objectives of breeding ornamentals in 21st century?
Ans. i. Host plant resistance to insect-pests and diseases.
ii. Efficient utilization of water and nutrients.
iii. High production without use of growth regulators.
iv. High physiological efficiency.
v. Efficient propagation.
vi. Improved post-harvest life.
Q.42. What are most exciting breeding tools to develop cultivars in the 21st century?
Ans. i. Somaclonal hybridization
ii. Somaclonal variations
iii. Somatic embryogenesis
iv. Transformation
v. DNA recombinants, and
v. Transgenics.
Q.43. How historically breeding of ornamentals owns so much interest in origin?
Ans. Historically breeding of ornamentals is grouped in four heads according to their diverse and contrasted mode of origin which are as follow-
i.. From a single diploid parent- Prim rose, sweet pea and hyacinth.
ii. From several diploid parents- Narcissus.
iii. From diploid and polyploidy parents- Iris and rose.
iv. From complex of polyploidy parents- Chrysanthemum and dahlia.
Q.44. What are different methods of breeding ornamentals?
Ans. i Introduction.
ii. Selection- mass and single plant selection.
iii. Bud sports.
iv. Mutation.
v. Polyploidy.
vi. Hybridization: Single plant selection, back cross and recurrent.
vii. Heterosis breeding.
viii. Biotechnological tools.
Q.45. Which are important ornamental plants native to India?
Ans. i. Aster (14 species)
ii. Barleria (26)
iii. Bauhinia (37)
iv. Begonia (64)
v. Crinum (12)
vi. Gardenia (14)
vii. Hedychium (24)
viii. Impatiens (41)
ix. Ipomoea (57)
x. Iris (13)
xi. Ixora (37)
xii. Jasminum (43)
xiii. Lilium (11)
xiv. Lonicera (23)
xv. Orchids (1600)
xvi. Pandanus (7)
xvii. Rhododenron (43)
xviii. Tabernaemontana (14)
xix. Thunbergia (10)
Q.46. What is a plant chimera?
Ans. i. A plant is said to be a chimera when cells of more than one genotype are found growing adjacent in the meristem, organ or tissues of that plant and its basic concept has developed from variegated plants.
ii. Bizzaria orange has been described as the earliest graft plant chimera which arose after grafting scion of sour orange onto a seedling of Cintron in 17th century.
iii. A cyto-chimera is a chimera with different ploidy levels in the apical cell layers.
iv. Periclinal chimeras are most stable, while mericlinal chimeras are unstable.
Q.47. How plant chimeras are originated/ developed?
Ans. i. Spontaneous mutation
ii. Induced mutation
iii. Sorting out from variegated plants
iv. Mixed callus cultures, and
v. Protoplast fusion.
Q.48. What are three important species of Bougainvillea which have been commercially exploited to develop new cultivars?
Ans. i. Glabra
ii. Peruviana, and
iii. Spectabilis.
Q.49. What are important breeding methods to develop new bougainvillea cultivars?
Ans. i. Seedling selection (open pollinated)
ii. Hybridization
iii. Bud sports, and
iv. Mutation.
Q.50. Which are leading institutions in breeding bougainvillea?
Ans. i. IARI New Delhi
ii. NBRI Lucknow
iii. BARC Mumbai
iv. Private nurseries, and
v. Amateur gardeners.
Q.51. Who were/are important bougainvillea breeders in India?
Ans. i. TN Khoshoo
ii. SN Zadoo
iii. D Ohri . BP Pal.
Q.52. Where is International Bougainvillea registration centre situated?
Ans. IARI, Pusa Delhi.
Q.53. What are the important hybrid cultivars of Bougainvillea developed in India?
Ans. i. Mary Palmer Special (Dr BP Pal x Princess Margret Rose)
ii. Begum Sikander (Dr BP Pal x Jennifer Fernie)
iii. Chitra (Tetra Mrs. Mcclean x Dr BP Pal)
iv. Wazid Ali Shah (Dr BP Pal x Mrs. Chico).
Q.54. What are important spontaneous mutated cultivars of Bougainvillea?
Ans. i. Shweta
ii. Shubhra
iii. Parthasarthy
iv. Surekha
v. Nirmal
vi. Manohar Chandra Variegated
vii. Hawaiian Beauty
viii. Archana.
Q.55. What are important induced mutant cultivars of bougainvillea?
Ans. i. Palekar (Orange colour) from Palekar (Red colour)
ii. Arjuna from Partha
iii. Marietta from Mahara
iv. Pallavi from Roselles Delight
v. Jaya from Jayaluxmi
vi. Silver top from Versi colour.
Q.56. What are important double bracts bougainvillea cultivars?
Ans. i. Cherry Blossom
ii. Los Banos Beauty
iii. Mahara
iv. Rosevilles Delight.
Q.57. What are important breeding methods to develop new chrysanthemum?
Ans. i. Introduction
ii. Mutation
iii. Hybridization.
Q.58. Who were/are important chrysanthemum breeders in India?
Ans. i. MA Kher
ii. SK Datta
iii. MN Gupta.
Q.59. Which are leading institutions in breeding chrysanthemum?
Ans. i. NBRI Lucknow
ii. IIHR Bangalore
iii. TNAU Coimbatore
iv. PAU Ludhiana
v. Private nurseries
vi. Amateur gardeners.
Q.60. Who were/are important jasmine breeders in India?
Ans. i. HC Srivastava
ii. S Muthuswamy
iii. Bhupal Rao
iv. Madhava Rao.
Q.61. Which are leading institutions in breeding jasmine?
Ans. i. IIHR Bangalore.
ii. TNAU Coimbatore.
Q.62. Who were/are important hibiscus breeders in India?
Ans. i. RN Bhat
ii. M Virupaksha.
Q.63. Which are leading institutions in breeding hibiscus?
Ans. i. IIHR Bangalore
ii. TNAU Coimbatore
iii. Lalbagh Garden, Bangalore.
Q.64. Who were/are important gladiolus breeders in India?
Ans. i. Bajrang Bahadur Singh Bhadri
ii. RL Misra
iii. Brijendra Singh
iv. SR Dohare
v. SPS Raghava
vi. SS Negi
vii. SS Lai
viii. BK Benerji
ix. SK Datta
x. D Mukherjee
xi. MN Gupta
xii. TM Rao.
Q.65. Which are leading institutions in breeding gladiolus?
Ans. i. IARI New Delhi
ii. NBRI Lucknow
iii. IIHR Bangalore
iv. PAU Ludhiana
v. Horticultural Experiments and Training centre Chaubatia, Ranikhet, (UK)
vi. IHBT Palampur.
Q.66. Who were/are important marigold breeders in India?
Ans. i. SPS Raghava
ii. Vishnu Swarup.
Q.67. Which are leading institutions in breeding marigold?
Ans. i. IARI New Delhi
ii. NBRI Lucknow.
Q.68. Who were/are important dahlia breeders in India?
Ans. i. Swami Vinayananda
ii. PK Das
iii. AK Dey.
Q.69. Which are leading institutions in breeding dahlia?
Ans. i. BSI Kolkata
ii. The Agri-horticultural Society of India, Kolkata.
iii. Private nurseries
iv. Amateur gardeners.
Q.70. Which are leading institutions in breeding tuberose?
Ans. i. NBRI Lucknow
ii. IIHR Bangalore
iii. BSI Kolkata
iv. The Agri-horticultural Society of India, Kolkata.
Q.71. Which are leading institutions in breeding ornamental annuals?
Ans. i. IARI New Delhi
ii. NBRI Lucknow
iii. Private nurseries
iv. Amateur gardeners.
Q.72. Which are leading institutions in breeding orchids?
Ans. i. Private nurseries
ii. Amateur gardeners
iii. BSI Kolkata
iv. The Agri-horticultural Society of India, Kolkata
v. NRC Orchids, Gangtok, Sikkim.
Q.73. What are important uses of loose flowers?
Ans. i. Religious offering in temples, churches, gurdwaras and mosques.
ii. Use in marriages and other rituals.
iii. Making veni, gajra corsage, ear-rings and floral bangles.
iv. Making garlands and floral decorations such as strips, clocks and rangoli.
v. Use in soap and confectionary industry.
vi Making bouquets and wreaths.
Q.74. Which are leading loose flower producing states in the country in 2012-13?
Ans. i. Tamil Nadu (3.13 lakh MT)
ii. Andhra Pradesh (2.24)
iii. Karnataka (2.08)
iv. Madhya Pradesh (1.93 lakh MT).
Q.75. Which are leading states for growing loose flowers (area wise) in India?
Ans. i. Tamil Nadu
ii. Andhra Pradesh
iii. Karnataka
iv. Maharashtra
v. West Bengal, and
vi. Madhya Pradesh.
Q.76. What are important Jasminum species in cultivation?
Ans. i. J. auriculatum (Juhi)
ii. J. grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine or Chameli)
iii. J. sambac (Motia or Arabian jasmine).
Q.77. What are important species of marigold (Tagetes) in cultivation?
Ans. i. T. erecta (African marigold)
ii. T. patula (French marigold)
iii. T. tenuifolia (Single Signet).
Q.78. What are important assumptions for maximizing shelf-life of loose flowers?
Ans. i. Harvest flowers at right stage of maturity.
ii. Harvest flowers after irrigating the fields at least one day before.
iii. Harvest the flowers during the cool hours of the day either in the morning or evening.
iv. Avoid bruising, tearing, torn outing petals.
v. Pluck the flowers either in bamboo baskets, muslin- cloth bags or polythene bags.
Q.79. At what stage major loose flowers should be plucked?
Ans. i. Jasmine- Fully developed, mature flower buds.
ii. Rose- Fully open, mature flowers.
iii. Chrysanthemum- Fully mature flowers.
iv. Crossandra- Freshly developed flowers.
v. Marigold- Fully developed flowers.
vi. Tuberose- Freshly opened flowers.
vii. China aster- Fully developed flowers.
viii. Barleria- Fully opened flowers.
Q.80. What is the general importance of marigold?
Ans. i. Marigold is one of the most commonly flowers garden for garden decoration and extensively used as loose flower for making garlands for religious and social functions.
ii. It has gained popularity amongst gardeners on account of its easy cultivation, wide adaptability and year round flower production.
iii. Its free flowering habit, short duration to produce marketable flowers, wide spectrum of attractive colours, shapes, size and good keeping quality has attracted the attention towards it of many amateur and commercial flower growers.
iv. Marigold is also highly suitable for bedding, edging, herbaceous borders and pots.
Q.81. How many species are there in the genus Targets?
Ans. In genus Tagetes there are 33 species, but commercially two species T. erecta and T. patula are grown in our country and in western countries another species T. tenuifolia is also grown.
Q.82. What are the important cultivars of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta)?
Ans. Giant Double African Orange, Cracker Jack, Crown of Gold, Guinea Gold, Double Eagle, Doubloon, Climax, Hawaii, New Alaska, Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Narangi Gainda and Spun Gold.
Q.83. What are the important cultivars of French Marigold (Tagetes patula)?
Ans. Pusa Arpita, Butter Ball, Flash, Colour Magic, Janie Gold, Janie Yellow, Star of India, Red Brocade, Rusty Red, Susana and Valencia.
Q.84. What are important interspecies hybrids in marigold?
Ans. Nugget, Pusa Shankar-1, Red and Gold, Red Seven Star and Show Boat.
Q.85. What is ideal soil for growing marigold?
Ans. i. Marigold can be grown in a wide range of soil.
ii. African marigold prefers well manure, moist soil, while French marigold prefers well drained light soil.
iii. The ideal pH for growing marigold is around neutral.
Q.86. What are ideal climatic conditions for growing marigold?
Ans. i. Marigold can be grown in a wide range of climatic conditions throughout year except old winters when temperature is less than 10°C.
ii. Ideal growing temperature ranges from 15 to 35°C.
iii. Very high temperature also affects adversely growth and flowering.
iv. Avoid frost/ chilling injury.
Q.87. What is the ideal nutrition for growing marigold?
Ans. i. African Marigold- 5 kg FYM, N 30 g, P 10 g, K 10 g/m2.
ii. French Marigold- 3 kg FYM, N 20 g, P 10 g, K 10 g/m2.
iii. All dose of FYM, 1/3rd N, full dose of P and K are mixed in soil at the time of final field preparation.
iv. Rest dose of N is applied in two split doses after 30 and 60 days of transplanting.
v. In case of French marigold N is applied in two splits one at planting and second after one month of transplanting.
Q.88. How irrigation is done in marigold?
Ans. Irrigation at 7-10 days interval during September-November and twice a week during March-June is ideal.
Q.89. How pinching is done in marigold?
Ans. In pinching terminal growing shoot about 2-3 cm long is removed to overcome apical dominance and to promote side branching when the plants are about 15-20 cm height.
Q.90. How staking is done in marigold?
Ans. String or rope is erected at 20, 35 and 50 cm above the ground level in three rows at the same distance along the rows.
Q.91. How inter-culture operations and weeding is done in marigold?
Ans. Hoeing once or twice during first 40 days is ideal to control most of the weeds and to maintain soil in good tilth. Atrazine or Basalin @ 1-1.5 kg (a.i.) /ha is ideal for spay as pre-planting.
Q.92. What are important diseases in marigold?
Ans. i. Damping off and collar rot (Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium, Phytophthora)
ii. Leaf and inflorescence blight (Alternaria, Cercospora, Septoria), and
iii. Viruses (Cucumber Mosaic).
Q.93. What are important insect-pests in marigold?
Ans. Thrips, red spider mites, and Hairy caterpillars.
Q.94. How flower harvesting is done marigold?
Ans. i. Fully open flowers are harvested during cool hours either in morning or evening in bamboo baskets or crates or gunny or poythene bags.
ii. Irrigation one day before harvesting increases the shelf life of flowers.
Q.95. What is the general importance of tuberose cultivation?
Ans. i. Tuberose an important bulbous ornamental has origin in Mexico and member of family Asparagaceae (earlier Agavaceae.).
ii. In India it has gained considerable importance and is being commercially grown in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and hilly areas.
iii. It is grown for long stem cut flowers, loose flowers, beds, borders and pot plant.
iv. It is also grown for perfumery as its flowers contain about 0.1 per cent oil.
Q.96. What are important cultivars of tuberose commonly grown in India?
Ans. The important cultivars are single flower type (Rajat Rekha, Shringar, Prajwal, Mexican, Calcuttia and local types) and double flower type (Swarna Rekha, Suvasini, Vaibhav, Mexican, Calcuttia and local).
Q.97. What is the ideal soil for tuberose cultivation?
Ans. Tuberose can be grown in any soil but loam and sandy-loam soil having pH around neutral, good aeration and drainage.
Q.98. What is the ideal climate for tuberose cultivation?
Ans. Tuberose grows well in sunny situation having warm humid conditions. The temperature should be 20-35°C as low and high temperatures adversely affect the growth and floral quality.
Q.99. What is the ideal planting time for tuberose cultivation?
Ans. North India and low hills- Sep.-Oct. Mid hills- Jan.-Mar., Sep.-Oct. High hills- April-May
Note:
Staggered planting at fortnightly interval insure regular supply of loose and cut flowers for longer duration.
Q.100. How tuberose is commercially propagated?
Ans. Tuberose is propagated by bulbs (2-3 cm diameter).
Q.101. How tuberose bulbs are treated?
Ans. i. Dip bulbs for about 20 minutes in a solution of Emisan (0.2%), Thiram (0.3%), Captan (0.2%), Bavistin (0.2%) or Benlate (0.2%).
ii. Dry in shade before planting or storing. Before planting treat corms in systemic fungicide and before storing in contact fungicide.
Q.102. What is the optimum planting density and spacing in tuberose?
Ans. i. Important factors are the purpose of cultivation whether for cut flowers, planting material or both, nutrient status of the soil, bulb size, cultivation in greenhouse or open fields.
ii. Low planting density results in wastage of inputs and very high planting density leads more plant competition, thus reducing individual bulb enlargement.
iii. For economic returns the optimum planting density is 20 x 20 cm row to row and plant to plant, respectively or 30 x 20 cm.
iv. About 15-20q bulbs are required for tuberose cultivation in one hectare area.
Q.103. What is the ideal depth for planting of tuberose bulbs?
Ans. i. It should be 2.5 times than the diameter of bulbs.
ii. Planting depth of 8-10 cm is ideal for production of quality cut flowers and bulbs.
Q.104. What are different methods of planting tuberose bulbs?
Ans. Planting is done in flat beds in low hill areas and on ridges in mid and high hill areas.
Q.105. What is the recommended nutrition in tuberose?
Ans. i. FYM @ 5 kg N- 30g, P- 20g, K- 10g/m2 is sufficient.
ii. Apply half of N and full dose of P and K at the time of planting and rest N at the time of spike emergence.
Q.106. What is the optimum soil moisture and how much irrigation is done in tuberose?
Ans. i. Soil should have 60-90 per cent moisture and no watering is required until bulbs sprout.
ii. Depending upon weather 8-12 irrigations of 2.5-5 cm depth are required.
iii. Stage immediately after sprouting and 4-6 leaf stage are very sensitive to, water deficit. Irrigation once a week is ideal.
Q.107. How the staking and plant support practice is followed in tuberose?
Ans. i. Earthing up to 10-15 cm height is done when plants are 15-20 cm high.
ii. Staking with bamboo or wooden sticks is done in beds and string or rope may be tied in three rows along the plant-rows to avoid lodging of plants.
Q.108. How weeding is done in tuberose?
Ans. i. High manure and irrigation requirement creates congenial conditions for the growth of various weeds.
ii. Three-four hand weedings are sufficient. Atrazine (1.5 kg/ha), oxyfluorfen (0.5 kg/ha) are sprayed as pre-emergence or Stomp @ 3.3 l/ha (pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha) control very effectively weeds when applied as pre-emergence and again after 45 days of planting in about 3000 litres water.
Q.109. What are important diseases in tuberose?
Ans. i. Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)a
ii. Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria polyanthi)
iii. Blue mould (Botrytis elliptica), and
iv. Flower bud rot (Erwinia species).
Q.110. What are important insect-pests of tuberose?
Ans. i. Grasshopper
ii. Thrips
iii. Aphids
iv. Caterpillars
v. Red Spider Mites, and
v. Nematodes.
Q.111. How flowers of tuberose are harvested?
Ans. i. Tuberose flowers are ready for harvesting after 100-120 days of planting. Harvesting is done in cool hours either in the morning or evening.
ii. Local market- Cut flowers are harvested when lower one pair of flowers is fully open
iii. Distant market- Lower pair of flower buds has just burst
iv. Loose flowers- Fully/ half open flowers.
Q.112. How grading of flowers of tuberose is done?
Ans. i. Loose flowers are graded according to flower size.
ii. Tuberose cut flowers are graded according to spike length, rachis length and number of flowers per spike.
Q.113. How to do the packaging of tuberose flowers?
Ans. i. Loose flowers are packed in bamboo baskets or gunny bags or polythene bags lined with newspaper.
ii. Cut flowers are marketed in bunches of 25, 50 or 100 and these bunches/bundles are packed in bamboo baskets, card board cartons/containers and are transported vertically.
Q.114. What is the optimum stage of harvesting, grading and storage of tuberose bulbs?
Ans. i. Harvest bulbs after 40-50 days of flowering or foliage start turning yellow.
ii. Treat bulbs before storing.
iii. The bulbs are graded into two sizes as small less than 1.5 cm in diameter and large more than 1.5 cm in diameter.
iv. Tuberose bulbs are harvested/lifted after 2-3 years.
Q.115. What are different uses of cut greens?
Ans. i. Softening floral arrangements.
ii. Provides contrast in floral arrangements.
iii. Complement the beauty of flowers.
iv. Fills voids or gaps in floral designs.
Q.116. What are important considerations in any plant to be selected as cut greens?
Ans. i. Adequate vase life in ordinary or distilled water.
ii. Ability to withstand long transportation and storage.
iii. Quick growing.
iv. Provides foliage ready to cut in less time.
v. Development to a suitable growth stage for cutting regularly.
vi. Foliage must be fresh looking and have some natural attraction.
vii. Production of vertical or horizontal growth.
viii. Resistance to insect-pests and diseases.
ix. Plant material should not have undesirable characteristics like thorns, unpleasant odour or excessive exudates.
Q.117. How vase life is determined of cut greens?
Ans. Cut greens must be looking fresh with no wilt, rolling, discolouring or leaf dropping for a reasonable length of time.
Q.118. What factors affect the production of cut foliage?
Ans. i. Soil
ii. Climate
iii. Nutrition
iv. Irrigation
v. Pruning
vi. Continuous harvesting at right maturity stage, even the foliage is not marketed.
Q.119. What are most limiting factors in producing cut foliage?
Ans. i. Low temperature
ii. Drought
iii. Nutrition
Q.120. At what stage foliage should be harvested?
Ans. i. Growth ceases
ii. Attains maturity
iii. Maximum freshness and natural colour.
Q.121. How cut greens are stored?
Ans. i. Dip or fumigate cut greens with fungicides.
ii. Pack tightly in polythene sleeves to prevent desiccation.
iii. Store at low temperature (2-5°C) except crotons and dracaenas.
Q.122. What are most important cut greens in the global florist trade?
Ans. i. Asparagus
ii. Banksias
iii. Podocarpus
iv. Thuja
v. Ferns
vi. Eucalyptus
vii. Cypress.
Q.123. What is an ideal cut flower?
Ans. An ideal cut flower should remain fresh with respect to its color, fragrance and appearance without loosing its grade for reasonable length of time.
Q.124. What are main causes of deterioration of cut flowers?
Ans. i. Growing conditions
ii. Mechanical injury
iii. Depletion of food reserve
iv. Infections of microbes
v. Plugging of xylem vessels
vi. Senescence and aging
vii. Moisture content
viii. Water quality
ix. Ethylene gas, and
x. Heat damage.
Q.125. What is senescence?
Ans. Senescence is the final phase in ontogeny of the organ in which a series of normally irreversible events initiated that leads to cellular breakdown and death of the organ.
Q.126. What is harvest maturity?
Ans. It is defined as a point in time when a crop can be harvested and it will continue to grow and develop to reach maximum quality if necessary.
Q.127. Which factors determine the correct harvest maturity of cut flowers?
Ans. i. Crop
ii. Species
iii. Cultivar
iv. Flower market (local or distant)
v. Type of handling during marketing process, and
vi. Consumer preference.
Q.128. What are advantages of harvesting cut flowers in bud stage?
Ans. i. Reduction in sensitivity of flowers to drastic climatic conditions and ethylene during handling and shipment/ transit.
ii. Saving space during shipment and storage.
iii. Extending vase life of cut flowers.
iv. Reducing the time for which crop remains in the field/ greenhouse.
v. Improving the opening, size, colour and longevity of cut flowers, especially grown under poor light and high temperature.
vi. Minimizing the hazard of damage to field-grown cut flowers by adverse climate and insect-pests.
Q.129. What are detrimental effects of ethylene on cut flowers and pot plants?
Ans. i. Ethylene is a low molecular weight, two carbon compound in gaseous state at room temperature synthesized by most of the higher plants and is 3-5 ppb in air.
ii. It leads to loss of water in cut flowers.
iii. Decreases water uptake.
iv. Decreases fresh weight of flowers.
v. Sleeping of carnations, shattering of florets in snapdragon, shelling of calceolaria, dry sepal injury in orchids and yellowing of foliage of pot plants are its detrimental effects.
Q.130. Which cut flowers are most sensitive to ethylene?
Ans. i. Alstroemeria
ii. Freesia
iii. Petunia
iv. Carnation, and
v. Lilium.
Q.131. Which cut flowers are less sensitive to ethylene?
Ans. i. Anthurium
ii. Asparagus, and
iii. Gerbera.
Q.132. What are important chemical for inhibiting ethylene?
Ans. i. Amino-ethoxyvinyl glycine.
ii. Amino-oxy-acetic acid (AOA).
iii. Methoxyvinyl glycine.
iv. Silver thiosulphate (STS), but now banned.
v. 1-MCP (1-Methyl Cyclo-Propene)—a non-toxic synthetic gas @ 10-20 ppb for 6-12 hours at 20°C.
Q.133. What is hardening?
Ans. It is a treatment given immediately after the harvesting of flowers by using water (preferably warm de-ionized water containing some germicide) to restore turgidity.
Q.134. What is pulsing or loading?
Ans. It consists of placing the lower portion of cut flower stems in solution containing high percentage of sugar and germicide for a period of few hours to two days. Specific formulations developed vary with the flower species as sucrose 2-20% for 12-48 hours at 20-27°C and relative humidity 80-100% under 2000-2500 lux cool light.
Q.135. What is pre cooling?
Ans. It is the removal of field heat from cut flowers, in which temperature is brought down from 25-30°C to 1-2°C in less than an hour time either through hydro-cooling or mechanical refrigeration.
Q.136. What are different methods of storing cut flowers?
Ans. i. Cold storage/refrigeration (wet or dry).
ii. Controlled atmospheric storage (CO2– 5-30%, Temperature- 3-10°C, low O2).
iii. Modified atmospheric storage.
v. Hypobaric or low pressure storage (Temperature- 2°C, Relative humidity- 98%, Pressure- 3.2 k Pascal or 24 mm Hg or 0.1 atm.).
Q.137. What is chain of life in cut flowers?
Ans. It is the application of improved loss-reduction biotechnology in growing, harvesting, handling, marketing of floral products and educating the consumers for caring these at home. It couples the grower, wholesaler, retailer and the consumer into a single chain.
Q.138. What are important steps in chain of life?
Ans. i. Refrigeration.
ii. Use of floral preservatives.
a. Bud opening solution (high concentration of sucrose plus biocide).
b. Pulsing solution (relatively high concentration of sucrose i.e., 5-20% plus biocide).
c. Vase solution (low concentration of sucrose plus biocide).
iii. Use of high quality water.
iv. Sanitation.
v. Temperature management during transportation.
vi. Recutting of stems.
vii Care of floral products at consumers home.
Q.139. What are different mineral solutes used in prolonging the flower longevity?
Ans. i. 8-HQC
ii. 8-HQS
iii. Aluminium nitrate
iv. Aluminium sulphate
v. Borax
vi. Calcium nitrate
vii. Citric acid
viii. Cobalt nitrate
ix. 1-MCP (1-Methyl Cyclo-Propene)
x. Nickel chloride
xi. Silver nitrate
xii. Silver thiosulphate (STS)
xiii. Sodium hypochlorite
xiv. Sucrose
xv. Sugar
xvii. Thiobendazole, and
xviii. Zinc sulphate.
Q.140. What are important commercial preservatives?
Ans. i. Crystal
ii. Ever bloom
iii. Flora life
iv. Oasis
v. Petal life
vi. Rose life, and
vii. Seven up.
Q.141. What are important suggestions for improving vase life of cut flowers?
Ans. i. Harvest flowers at right stage.
ii. Remove 1/3rd leaves and all the leaves below water.
iii. Don’t dip more than 3-10 cm stem in vase solution.
iv. Add 1-2 teaspoons of sugar in vase water or use recommended preservatives.
v. Don’t keep flower vases under/ near direct sunlight or electric appliances like fans, heaters, blowers, etc.
vi. Keep flower vases in red or blue light about 2000 lux or more.
vii. Higher humidity in room is good.
viii. Avoid smoking or combustion of gases in room.
ix. Allow clean and fresh air to pass through the room.
x. Change vase water/ solution after every 2-3 days.
xi. Cut the lower stem end by 1-2 cm at alternate day.
xii. Spray water with barber sprayer at least twice a day.
xiii. Keep on removing dried or faded flowers/ florets.
xiv. Keep stems (2-3 cm) in boiling water for about 60 seconds particularly when stems have milky fluid exuding like poinsettia.
Q.142. What is Pharmacognosy?
Ans. It is branch of medical science which deals with the history, commerce, collection, selection, identification and preservation of crude drugs and raw materials obtained from plants.
Q.143. What is Pharmacology?
Ans. It is the study of the action of the drugs.
Q.144. What is Phytotherapy?
Ans. It is the use of various plant parts for proving relief from various ailments.
Q.145. What is Aromatherapy?
Ans. It is a specialized Phytotherapy in which essential oils are used to cure various ailments.
Q.146. How many drugs have been reported for curing human ailments?
Ans. 2000
Q.147. How many drugs are reported to plant origin?
Ans. 1500
Q.148. What is estimate of WHO with respect to use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants?
Ans. i. WHO estimated that about 70 per cent world’s population meet their primary health demand through traditional medicines and most of which are of plant origin.
ii. Traditional Chinese medicines uses over 5000 plants while Indian uses over 7000 plants
Q.149. What are different forms of herb uses?
Ans. i. Food
ii. Medicine
iii. Cosmetic
iv. Perfume
v. Fragrance
Q.150. Name five ornamental trees for planting for screening purpose?
Ans. i. Cupressus sempervirens
ii. Grevillea robusta
iii. Casuarina equisetifoiia
iv. Putranjiva roxburghii
v. Polyalthia longifolia.
Q.151. Name five ornamental trees for planting for fragrant flowers?
Ans. i. Alstonia scholaris
ii. Gardenia latifolia
iii. Magnolia grandiflora
iv. Moringa oleifolia
v. Plumeria alba.
Q.152. Name three ornamental trees valued for ornamental fruits?
Ans. i. Kigellia pinnata
ii. Koelreuteria paniculata
iii. Heterophragma adenophyllum.
Q.153. Name five ornamental trees for planting as specimen plant?
Ans. i. Amhertia nobilis
ii. Colvillea racemosa
iii. Caesalpinia cacalaco
iv. Gustavia angusta
v. Saraca thaipingensis.
Q.154. Name five ever-blooming ornamental trees?
Ans. i. Callistemon lanceolatus
ii. Mimusops elengi
iii. Plumeria acuminata
iv. Solarium macranthum
v. Thespesia populnea.
Q.155. Name three ornamental trees for checking air pollution?
Ans. i. Populus deltoides
ii. Plumeria acuminata
iii. Ficus infectoria.
Q.156. Name five autumn flowering ornamental trees?
Ans. i. Bauhinia purpurea
ii. Bauhinia retusa
iii. Koelreuteria paniculata
iv. Prunus cerasoides
v. Cassia siamea.
Q.157. Name five thorny ornamental trees?
Ans. i. Bomax ceiba
ii. Chorisia speciosa
iii. Erythrina indica
iv. Parkinsonia aculeata.
Q.158. Acacia nilotica Name five fowl-smelling flowering ornamental trees?
Ans. i. Gustavia
ii. Sterculia
iii. Crateva
iv. Careya
v. Stereospermum.
Q.159. Name five ornamental trees with fine foliage texture?
Ans. i. Acacia mollissima
ii. Cryptomeria japonica
iii. Cupressus arizonica
iv. Grevillea robusta
v. Podocarpus hererophyllus.
Q.160. Name five ornamental trees with coarse foliage texture?
Ans. i. Butea monosperma
ii. Erythrina indica
iii. Kigellia pinnata
iv. Ficus auriculata
v. Pterospermum acerifolium.
Q.161. Name five ornamental trees suitable for small home garden?
Ans. i. Acacia auriculiformis
ii. Cassia javanica
iii. Brownea coccinea
iv. Plumeria rubra
v. Tecomella undulata.
Q.162. Name two ornamental trees for planting in front of a multi-storey house?
Ans. i. Polyalthia longifolia
ii. Cupressus sempervirens.
Q.163. Name five ornamental trees with round or globular canopy?
Ans. i. Ficus infectoria
ii. Mimusops elengi
iii. Dillenia indica
iv. Plumeria alba
v. Morus nigra.
Q.164. Name five ornamental trees with drooping/ pendulous growth habit?
Ans. i. Anthocephalus cadamba
ii. Callistemon lanceoiatus
iii. Cupressus funebris
iv. Polyalthia longifolia
v. Salix babylonica.
Q.165. Name five ornamental trees with beautiful trunk?
Ans. i. Bombax ceiba
ii. Chorisia speciosa
iii. Adansonia digitata
iv. Platanus orientalis
v. Eucalyptus hybrida.